| Scott, Sher & Daigle (2026), Cash or Crash, UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal | Peer-reviewed | Theoretical EV modelling compared with live data from two crash games; derived actual RTP and behavioural patterns | Direct empirical RTP measurement in the nearest game category | Crash games, not Mines specifically |
| Wilmott et al. (2023), The Martingale Index, SSRN | Working paper | Builds an index quantifying self-deception; applied to casino systems and S&P 500 futures | Formal quantification of a widely misunderstood mechanism | Preprint, not gambling-clinical |
| Wilmott et al. (2023), The Art of Financial Illusion, SSRN | Working paper | Statistical analysis plus historical simulation of random-signal systems | Concrete figures (20% apparent return, ~80% probability) | Finance framing needs transfer to a casino context |
| Saxena (2023), Martingales in Gambling and Finance, UChicago REU | Student research report | Probability-theoretic proof of the supermartingale result | Mathematically definitive on the core question | Undergraduate report, not peer-reviewed |
| Chen et al. (2023), Building Random, Fair, and Verifiable Games on Blockchain, arXiv | Preprint | Raffle smart-contract designs on Sui; compares DRAND against VRF | Practical cost and security comparison | Exact fee figures not disclosed in the summary |
| Game-Theoretic Randomness for Blockchain Games (2019) | Conference/preprint | Incentive-compatible randomness protocol design | Complements cryptographic approaches | Predates the 2023–2026 window |
| Digital Planet, Tufts University (2024), Mobile Security in Casino Games | Institutional report | CVE analysis 2019–2024 across iOS and Android | Hard numbers (27% / 22%) | Not peer-reviewed |
| Fairleigh Dickinson University Poll (2024) | Public opinion poll | National polling on online betting | Population-level signal | No published percentages or sample size in the summary |
| Stanford SIEPR (2024), The Rise of Sports Betting… | Policy working paper | Economic and behavioural policy analysis | Clear, actionable policy levers | Sports-betting focus, no prevalence data |
| UNLV social casino study | Experimental | 214 adults aged 18–45; inflated demo RTP condition against control | Direct causal evidence on demo-mode transfer | Predates 2023; social casino context |
| Spain, Royal Decree 176/2023 | Regulation | Statutory player-protection framework | Binding legal standard | Jurisdiction-specific |
| Spain, draft joint deposit limits (2024) | Draft regulation | Cross-operator limit proposal | Addresses limit-shopping | Draft status |
| Connecticut online gaming technical standards (2024) | Regulation | Defines RTP as won/wagered ratio; verifiability requirements | Operational definition players can use | Jurisdiction-specific |
| City Tech OpenLab (2024) | Educational article | Explanatory RTP walkthrough | Accessible definitional clarity | Not an academic study |